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Article 85
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Processing and freedom of expression and information

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Key words related to article 85

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(153) Member States law should reconcile the rules governing freedom of expression and information, including journalistic, academic, artistic and or literary expression with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation. The processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes, or for the purposes of academic, artistic or literary expression should be subject to derogations or exemptions from certain provisions of this Regulation if necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the right to freedom of expression and information, as enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. This should apply in particular to the processing of personal data in the audiovisual field and in news archives and press libraries. Therefore, Member States should adopt legislative measures which lay down the exemptions and derogations necessary for the purpose of balancing those fundamental rights. Member States should adopt such exemptions and derogations on general principles, the rights of the data subject, the controller and the processor, the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations, the independent supervisory authorities, cooperation and consistency, and specific data-processing situations. Where such exemptions or derogations differ from one Member State to another, the law of the Member State to which the controller is subject should apply. In order to take account of the importance of the right to freedom of expression in every democratic society, it is necessary to interpret notions relating to that freedom, such as journalism, broadly.

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(37)  Whereas the processing of personal data for purposes of journalism or for purposes of literary of artistic expression, in particular in the audiovisual field, should qualify for exemption from the requirements of certain provisions of this Directive in so far as this is necessary to reconcile the fundamental rights of individuals with freedom of information and notably the right to receive and impart information, as guaranteed in particular in Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; whereas Member States should therefore lay down exemptions and derogations necessary for the purpose of balance between fundamental rights as regards general measures on the legitimacy of data processing, measures on the transfer of data to third countries and the power of the supervisory authority; whereas this should not, however, lead Member States to lay down exemptions from the measures to ensure security of processing; whereas at least the supervisory authority responsible for this sector should also be provided with certain ex-post powers, e.g. to publish a regular report or to refer matters to the judicial authorities;

The GDPR

Article 85 of the Regulation also provides that the Member States shall by law reconcile the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation with the freedom of expression and information.

This specifically includes processing of data for journalistic purposes but also for artistic or literary purposes as well as - and this is doubtlessly the innovation element - for academic expression purposes.

The provision “limits” the margin of reconciliation to the provisions of Chapter II (Principles), of Chapter III (Rights of the data subjects), of Chapter IV (Controller and processor), of Chapter V (Transfer of personal data to third countries or international organizations), of Chapter VI (Independent supervisory authorities), of Chapter VII (Cooperation and consistency) and of Chapter IX (Specific processing situations, i.e., this Chapter).

The final version adds a third paragraph to Article 85, pursuant to which each Member State shall notify the Commission of the measures it adopts under paragraph 1, no later than 2 years after the publication of the Regulation, and without delay of any subsequent amendment affecting them.

The Directive

The Directive already allowed Member States to provide for exemptions or derogations for personal data processing carried out solely for journalistic, artistic or literary expression, from the general conditions of lawfulness of processing (Chapter II) , from the conditions of data transfer to third countries (Chapter IV) and from the competence of the supervisory authorities (Chapter VI) only insofar as they are necessary to reconcile the right to privacy with the rules governing freedom of expression.

Potential issues

By deciding to leave to the Member States the possibility to provide for specific derogations in their national laws, the Regulation refuses to unify the appropriate rules to ensure the difficult balance between the freedoms in question and data protection.

The Regulation is perfectly aware of this, providing in its recital 153 that "Where such exemptions or derogations differ from one Member State to another, the law of the Member State to which the controller is subject should apply". It is true that this pursuit may differ from one state to another depending on various factors (cultural, sociological, etc.) and in any event, some harmonization is guaranteed by the rules contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union as well as in the European Convention on Human Rights. The control of the Courts of the European Union (Luxembourg) and of the Human Rights (Strasbourg) will remain essential to this matter.

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Summary

European Union

European Union

CJEU caselaw

C-73/07 (16 December 2008) - Satakunnan Markkinapörssi and Satamedia

1.      Article 3(1) of Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data is to be interpreted as meaning that an activity in which data on the earned and unearned income and the assets of natural persons are:

–        collected from documents in the public domain held by the tax authorities and processed for publication,

–        published alphabetically in printed form by income bracket and municipality in the form of comprehensive lists,

–        transferred onward on CD-ROM to be used for commercial purposes, and

–        processed for the purposes of a text-messaging service whereby mobile telephone users can, by sending a text message containing details of an individual’s name and municipality of residence to a given number, receive in reply information concerning the earned and unearned income and assets of that person,

must be considered as the ‘processing of personal data’ within the meaning of that provision.

2.      Article 9 of Directive 95/46 is to be interpreted as meaning that the activities referred to at points (a) to (d) of the first question, relating to data from documents which are in the public domain under national legislation, must be considered as activities involving the processing of personal data carried out ‘solely for journalistic purposes’, within the meaning of that provision, if the sole object of those activities is the disclosure to the public of information, opinions or ideas. Whether that is the case is a matter for the national court to determine.

3.      Activities involving the processing of personal data such as those referred to at points (c) and (d) of the first question and relating to personal data files which contain solely, and in unaltered form, material that has already been published in the media, fall within the scope of application of Directive 95/46.

Opinion of Advocate general

Judgment of the Court

C-345/17 (14 February 2019) - Buivids

1.      Article 3 of Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data must be interpreted as meaning that the recording of a video of police officers in a police station, while a statement is being made, and the publication of that video on a video website, on which users can send, watch and share videos, are matters which come within the scope of that directive.

2.      Article 9 of Directive 95/46 must be interpreted as meaning that factual circumstances such as those of the case in the main proceedings, that is to say, the video recording of police officers in a police station, while a statement is being made, and the publication of that recorded video on a video website, on which users can send, watch and share videos, may constitute a processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes, within the meaning of that provision, in so far as it is apparent from that video that the sole object of that recording and publication thereof is the disclosure of information, opinions or ideas to the public, this being a matter which it is for the referring court to determine.

Opinion of Advocate general

Judgment of the Court

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Regulation
1e 2e

Art. 85

1.   Member States shall by law reconcile the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation with the right to freedom of expression and information, including processing for journalistic purposes and the purposes of academic, artistic or literary expression.

2.   For processing carried out for journalistic purposes or the purpose of academic artistic or literary expression, Member States shall provide for exemptions or derogations from Chapter II (principles), Chapter III (rights of the data subject), Chapter IV (controller and processor), Chapter V (transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations), Chapter VI (independent supervisory authorities), Chapter VII (cooperation and consistency) and Chapter IX (specific data processing situations) if they are necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the freedom of expression and information.

3.   Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it has adopted pursuant to paragraph 2 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
1st proposal close

Art. 80

1. Member States shall provide for exemptions or derogations from the provisions on the general principles in Chapter II, the rights of the data subject in Chapter III, on controller and processor in Chapter IV, on the transfer of personal data to third countries and international organisations in Chapter V, the independent supervisory authorities in Chapter VI and on co-operation and consistency in Chapter VII for the processing of personal data carried out solely for journalistic purposes or the purpose of artistic or literary expression in order to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the rules governing freedom of expression.

2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission those provisions of its law which it has adopted pursuant to paragraph 1 by the date specified in Article 91(2) at the latest and, without delay, any subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
2nd proposal close

Art. 80

1. The national law of the Member State shall (…) reconcile the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation with the right to freedom of expression and information, including the processing of personal data for journalistic purposes and the purposes of academic, artistic or literary expression.

2. For the processing of personal data carried out for journalistic purposes or the purpose of academic artistic or literary expression, Member States shall provide for exemptions or derogations from the provisions in Chapter II (principles), Chapter III (rights of the data subject), Chapter IV (controller and processor), Chapter V (transfer of personal data to third countries or international organizations), Chapter VI (independent supervisory authorities), Chapter VII (co-operation and consistency) if they are necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the freedom of expression and information (…).
Directive close

Art. 9

Member States shall provide for exemptions or derogations from the provisions of this Chapter, Chapter IV and Chapter VI for the processing of personal data carried out solely for journalistic purposes or the purpose of artistic or literary expression only if they are necessary to reconcile the right to privacy with the rules governing freedom of expression.
Bulgaria
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Personal Data Protection Act

Article 4. (Last Amendment, SG No. 103/2005)

[…]

(2) The personal data processing is permitted also in cases when performed exclusively for the journalistic purposes or the purpose of literary or artistic expression insofar this processing does not infringe the privacy of the data subject. In such cases, the provisions of Chapter Three do not apply.

Article 5. (Last Amendment, SG No. 103/2005)

(1) It is forbidden to process personal data which:

1. reveal racial or ethnic origin;

2. reveal political, religious or philosophical beliefs, membership in political parties or organizations, associations with religious, philosophical, political or trade-union purposes;

3. refer to health, sex life or human genome

(2) Paragraph 1 does not apply where:

[…]

7. processing is performed exclusively for journalistic purposes or the purpose of literary or artistic expression provided that it does not violate the right to privacy of the data subject.

Article 36a (Last Amendment - SG No. 81/2011)

[…]

(8) (Former Par. (7) - SG No. 81/2011) The provision of personal data to third countries is admissible in all cases where performed exclusively for the purposes of journalism, literary or artistic expression to the extent to which it does not violate the right to privacy of the person to whom such data relate.
France close

Loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative à l'informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés

Art. 67

Version initiale

Le 5° de l'article 6, les articles 8, 9, 22, les 1° et 3° du I de l'article 25, les articles 32, 39, 40 et 68 à 70 ne s'appliquent pas aux traitements de données à caractère personnel mis en oeuvre aux seules fins :

1° D'expression littéraire et artistique ;

2° D'exercice, à titre professionnel, de l'activité de journaliste, dans le respect des règles déontologiques de cette profession.

Toutefois, pour les traitements mentionnés au 2°, la dispense de l'obligation de déclaration prévue par l'article 22 est subordonnée à la désignation par le responsable du traitement d'un correspondant à la protection des données appartenant à un organisme de la presse écrite ou audiovisuelle, chargé de tenir un registre des traitements mis en oeuvre par ce responsable et d'assurer, d'une manière indépendante, l'application des dispositions de la présente loi. Cette désignation est portée à la connaissance de la Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés.

En cas de non-respect des dispositions de la loi applicables aux traitements prévus par le présent article, le responsable du traitement est enjoint par la Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés de se mettre en conformité avec la loi. En cas de manquement constaté à ses devoirs, le correspondant est déchargé de ses fonctions sur demande, ou après consultation, de la Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés.

Les dispositions des alinéas précédents ne font pas obstacle à l'application des dispositions du code civil, des lois relatives à la presse écrite ou audiovisuelle et du code pénal, qui prévoient les conditions d'exercice du droit de réponse et qui préviennent, limitent, réparent et, le cas échéant, répriment les atteintes à la vie privée et à la réputation des personnes.

Art. 67

Modifié par la loi n°2018-493 du 20 juin 2018

Le 5° de l'article 6, les articles 8, 9, 32, et 39, le I de l'article 40 et les articles 68 à 70 ne s'appliquent pas aux traitements de données à caractère personnel mis en oeuvre aux seules fins :

1° D'expression littéraire et artistique ;

2° D'exercice, à titre professionnel, de l'activité de journaliste, dans le respect des règles déontologiques de cette profession.

En cas de non-respect des dispositions de la loi applicables aux traitements prévus par le présent article, le responsable du traitement est enjoint par la Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés de se mettre en conformité avec la loi.

Les dispositions des alinéas précédents ne font pas obstacle à l'application des dispositions du code civil, des lois relatives à la presse écrite ou audiovisuelle et du code pénal, qui prévoient les conditions d'exercice du droit de réponse et qui préviennent, limitent, réparent et, le cas échéant, répriment les atteintes à la vie privée et à la réputation des personnes.
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